Foreshadowing What is Foreshadowing How to Use it (Sneakily)

Foreshadowing What is Foreshadowing How to Use it (Sneakily) Foreshadowing: What is Foreshadowing How to Use it (Sneakily) Without foreshadowing in your bookyou run the risk of an unsatisfying story.Let’s be honest, how many of us pick up a book, read half of it, get busy and never get back to it?Life or other books get in the way and, well, as good as that book was, we were never really hooked. There was nothing compelling us to read to the end.No harm, no foul, right?Wrong.When you’re the author of that halfsOne of the best ways to learn any skill, including foreshadowing, is to look at examples and understand why they were done.Here are some of our top foreshadowing examples (you probably recognize) that you can learn from in order to put these writing tips to use.Foreshadowing Example #1 Nightlock in Hunger GamesBy now, we all pretty much know the story of Katniss Everdeen, the selfless sister who bravely sacrificed herself as a Hunger Game competition in order to save her younger sister.This series has a number of fantastic foreshadowing examples, but one that sticks out to us the mos t is the prevalence of nightlock, a poisonous berry that causes death upon consumption.These are the instances in which the use of nightlock is used as foreshadowing:In the beginning of the book, we learn that Katniss is well #2 Obi #3 Lennie Killing in Of Mice and MenIf youre familiar with Of Mice and Men (meaning, if your teachers made you read it in school), you know that Lennie, a mentally delayed man, kills his puppy by being too rough with it #4 The Prologue in Game of ThronesIf youve read George R.R. Martins Game of Thrones, you know just how vital the prologue of the series is- they even recreated this perfectly in the HBO show.The White Walkers in Game of Thrones are among the biggest threats in the world Martin has created. They become the center of conflict and dread.Martin foreshadows this from the very, very beginning by narrating some men venturing beyond the wall, all thinking the White Walkers are just a myth- a legend meant to scare children at bedtime.The end of the the prologue in Game of ThronesDuring this prologue (spoiler alert), all the men, aside from one man of the Nights Watch, are killed.This single man runs away (from The Wall) and is intercepted in Winterfell as a deserter, where he tells this story to those who dont believe him. This is the key foreshadowing moment of the potential horror the white walkers induce in this series.The Power of Foreshadowing and the Writer’s 6th SenseLet’s talk about one of the greatest plot twists in modern cinematic history: The 6th Sense.Before I go on, spoiler alert!.. you have been warned!If we weren’t prepared for the surprising fact that Bruce Willis’ character was actually dead, we’d meet that final, climactic reveal with confusion and anger. Instead, M. Night Shyamalan painstakingly prepares us with visual effects like one’s misty breath when a ghost appears, he has Haley Joel Osment tells out outright that some ghosts, â€Å"Don’t even kno w that they’re dead,† and when the reveal finally happens, it’s met with a montage of all the moments that M. Night Shyamalan foreshadowed that shocking plot twist.And most of us still left the theatre going: â€Å"I didn’t see that coming.†What none of us did do was leave the theater disappointed or confused, saying, â€Å"Well that came out of nowhere.† Make no mistake, when used correctly, foreshadowing can be more of your most powerful tools in keeping your reader hooked.How to Use Foreshadowing in Your NovelThere are five common foreshadowing techniques that will never get old.Use them wisely and readers will be hooked for life (and give you those 5-star Amazon reviews).#1 ProphecyWith ultimate power comes ultimate†¦knowledge? Wait†¦that’s not right.But what is right is that as the author, you possess god-like powers over your characters. You make them do, say or think anything. You know what is going to happen to them down to the last word they utter. You’ve seen it all.You can see the future!Trouble is, it’s all in your head.That’s when you can use a prophetic character or event in your book to foreshadow what’s coming. It could come in the form of an actual prophet screaming from the hilltops that the ‘end is nigh’†¦ and then the end actually becomes nigh.Or some wise old man who says something like, â€Å"When I was a young lad, those dark clouds meant a storm was coming.†One example of this foreshadowing in books is Professor Trelawney in J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter.Professor Trelawney is seen as a fraud by many (if not all) of her students, particularly when she has her episodes. However, Rowling wrote this in such a way that you as a reader also dont believe what shes saying is truewhen in fact, it is.Whatever you choose to do, use your secondary characters in your book to prophesize (foreshadow) events yet to come.# 2 Chekov’s Gun There is an old rule in writing, known as Checkovs Gun: If you see a gun in Act One, it better go off in Act Three.I find that the opposite is equally true. If a gun goes off in Act Three, you better have shown it earlier.By focusing on some detail, especially one that isn’t immediately obvious as important, you are essentially giving your reader a heads up that this will come back in some significant way later on in the story.A famous (non-gun) example of this is the Nightlock poisonous berries in the Hunger Games, as we mentioned in the examples above. At the climax of the book (spoiler alert), Katniss threatens to commit suicide by eating the berries.This is foreshadowed three times:First, at the beginning of the book when we see her out in the wilderness, foraging for food. We learn that she knows what’s poisonous and what’s not.The second time occurs at the Capital when she is training for the Games. In that scene, we actually read about Nightlock.The third time is when, during the Games, Katniss finds a dead tribute who accidently poisoned herself by eating the berries.We saw the gun, ahhh, I mean berries, several times before that big climactic moment.And because of that, we knew they’d be important (and we also didn’t think, â€Å"Well, isn’t that convenient† when they did show up.In other words, the author foreshadowed that big final moment.#3 OmensRed sky at night, shepherds delight. Red sky in the morning, shepherds warning.OK, so if your main character is a shepherd and it’s about to go down, then delight your readers with a dawn that lights the sky blood red.What are omens?Omens, or common cultural symbols, can be extremely effective tools when foreshadowing a coming plot point.Here are some examples of common omens in fiction:A black cat for bad luckA four-leaf clover for good luckWalking under a ladderFinding a penny heads upA crow symbolizing deathNOTE for foreshadowing with omens: You do n’t have to stick to omens from our world. Make them up! For example, if you’re writing a novel thats set in some magical kingdom or a distant planet, ask yourself, â€Å"What are the ‘omens’ they have?†It could be anything†¦ touching a Minotaur’s horn, seeing a mermaid, the three moons simultaneously appearing in the morning sky, etc.,†¦Just make sure that whatever you decide, you adequately explain it to the reader, too.#4 I Got This Weird FeelingThree characters walk into an abandoned cabin. One of them says, â€Å"I got a bad feeling about this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and BOOM!You’re away to the foreshadowing races!Here’s the literary schtick: In real life, when your mom calls you because she had a bad dream about you getting hit by a bus, it’s just her being overprotective. (Jeez mom, chill. I’ll look both ways when I cross the road. I promise.)But in fiction, if a character’s mother calls them with t hat same bad dream, it better be foreshadowing events to come (or don’t include that little tidbit at all).#5 Outline your book for better foreshadowingIts very, very hard to drop foreshadowing hints if you have no idea where your book is going.For that reason, outlining your book will help you create much stronger (and sneakier) foreshadowing elements. Think of it this way: the more you know about your own story, the better foreshadowing bits and pieces you can leave behind in order to hide them better from your readers.#6 Flashbacks/Flash ForwardsSetting a scene outside of the narrative timeline can also be an effective foreshadowing tool.For example, you could have a flash forward scene with a sinking ship, then return to the story’s present time, three hours earlier, and the reader can watch with delight as the hero boards that very same ship.Oh boy- someone gonna drown!Or, a character could walk into a room and smell a strange, meaty odor that leads to a flashba ck of a time when he was fighting a gang of cannibals who were barbequing his buddy.Oh wait- someone is getting grilled!These elements are very helpful in creating foreshadowing but remember that flashbacks and flash-forwards should also show up elsewhere in your novel instead of just for a single foreshadowing event.So there you have it, foreshadowing and all its mighty powers. Use this tool wisely, young Padowan, and I promise, you’ll have your reader frantically turning the pages until the glorious end.Are you ready to write a bestselling novel?If youre ready to write a book that leaves readers with their jaws on the floor, heres where you can start.

Learn VBA Macro Coding Word 2007

Learn VBA Macro Coding Word 2007 The goal of this course is to help people who have never written a program before learn to write one. Theres no reason why office workers, homemakers, professional engineers and pizza delivery persons shouldnt be able to take advantage of their own hand crafted custom computer programs to work faster and smarter. It shouldnt take a professional programmer (whatever that is) to do the job. You know what needs to be done better than anyone else. You can do it yourself! (And I say this as someone who has spent many years writing programs for other people ... professionally.) With that said, this is not a course in how to use a computer. This course assumes that you know how to use popular software and in particular, that you have Microsoft Word 2007 installed on your computer. You should know basic computer skills like how to create file folders (that is, directories) and how to move and copy files. But if youve always wondered what a computer program actually was, thats OK. Well show you. Microsoft Office isnt cheap. But you can get more value from that expensive software you already have installed. Thats a big reason we use Visual Basic for Applications, or VBA, along with Microsoft Office. There are millions who have it and a handful (maybe no one) who uses everything it can do. Before we go any further, however, I need to explain one more thing about VBA. In February 2002, Microsoft made a 300 billion dollar bet on a totally new technology base for their entire company. They called it .NET. Since then, Microsoft has been moving their entire technology base into VB.NET. VBA is the very last programming tool that still uses VB6, the tried and true technology that was used before VB.NET. (Youll see the phrase COM based to describe this VB6 level technology.) VSTO and VBA Microsoft has created a way to write VB.NET programs for Office 2007. Its called Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO). The problem with VSTO is that you have to buy and learn to use Visual Studio Professional.  Excel itself is still COM based too and .NET programs have to work with Excel through an interface (called the PIA, Primary Interop Assembly). So ... until Microsoft gets their act together and gives you a way to write programs that will work with Word and doesnt make you join the IT department, VBA macros are still the way to go. Another reason we use VBA is that it really is a fully baked (not half baked) software development environment that has been used for years by programmers to create some of the most sophisticated systems in existence. It doesnt matter how high your programming sights are set. Visual Basic has the power to take you there. What is a macro? You may have used desktop applications that support what is called a macro language before. Macros are traditionally just scripts of keyboard actions grouped together with one name so you can execute them all at once. If you always start the day by opening your MyDiary document, entering todays date, and typing the words, Dear Diary, Why not let your computer do that for you? To be consistent with other software, Microsoft calls VBA a macro language too. But its not. Its much more. Many desktop applications include a software tool that will let you record a keystroke macro. In Microsoft applications, this tool is called the Macro Recorder, but the result is not a traditional keystroke macro. Its a VBA program and the difference is that it does not simply replay the keystrokes. A VBA program gives you the same end result if possible, but you can also write sophisticated systems in VBA that leave simple keyboard macros in the dust. For example, you can use Excel functions in Word using VBA. And you can integrate VBA with other systems like databases, the web, or other software applications. Although the VBA Macro Recorder is very useful for simply creating simple keyboard macros, programmers have discovered that its even more useful to give them a running start in more sophisticated programs. Thats what were going to do. Start Microsoft Word 2007 with a blank document and get ready to write a program. The Developer tab in Word One of the first things that you have to do to write Visual Basic program in Word 2007 is find Visual Basic! The default in Word 2007 is to not display the ribbon that is used. To add the Developer tab, first click the Office button (the logo in the upper left corner) and then click Word Options. Click Show Developer tab in the Ribbon and then click OK. When you click the Developer tab, you have a whole new set of tools used to write VBA programs. Were going to use the VBA Macro Recorder to create your first program. (If the ribbon with all your tools keeps disappearing, you might want to right-click the ribbon and make sure Minimize the Ribbon is not checked.) Click Record Macro. Name your macro: AboutVB1 by typing that name in the Macro Name textbox. Select your current document as the location to store your macro and click OK. See the example below. (Note: If you pick All Documents (Normal.dotm) from the drop down menu, this test VBA program will, in effect, become a part of Word itself because it will then become available for every document you create in Word. If you only want to use a VBA macro in a specific document, or if you want to be able to send it to someone else, its a better idea to save the macro as part of the document. Normal.dotm is the default so you must change it.) With the Macro Recorder turned on, type the text, Hello World. into your Word document. (The mouse pointer will change into a miniature picture of a tape cartridge to show that keystrokes are being recorded.) (Note: Hello World is almost required for a First Program because the very first programming manual for the early computer language C used it. Its been a tradition ever since.) Click Stop Recording. Close Word and save the document using the name: AboutVB1.docm. You have to select a Word Macro-Enabled Document from the Save as Type dropdown. Thats it! You have now written a Word VBA program. Lets see what it looks like! Understanding what a VBA program is If you have closed Word, open it again and select the AboutVB1.docm file that you saved in the previous lesson. If everything was done correctly, you should see a banner at the top of your document window with a security warning. VBA and Security VBA is a real programming language. That means that VBA can do just about anything you need it to do. And that, in turn, means that if you receive a Word document with an embedded macro from some bad guy that macro can do just about anything too. So Microsofts warning is to be taken seriously. On the other hand, you wrote this macro and all it does is type Hello World so theres no risk here. Click the button to enable macros. To see what the Macro Recorder has created (as well as to do most other things that involve VBA), you need to start the Visual Basic Editor. Theres an icon to do that at the left side of the Developer ribbon. First, notice the left hand window. This is called the Project Explorer and it groups together the high level objects (well talk more about them) that are part of your Visual Basic project. When the Macro Recorder was started, you had a choice of the Normal template or the current document as a location for your macro. If you selected Normal, then the NewMacros module will be part of the Normal branch of the Project Explorer display. (You were supposed to select the current document. If you did select Normal,  delete the document and repeat the previous instructions.) Select NewMacros under Modules in your current project. If there still isnt any code window displayed, click Code under the View menu. The Word document as a VBA container Every Visual Basic program must be in some kind of file container. In the case of Word 2007 VBA macros, that container is a (.docm) Word document. Word VBA programs cant run without Word and you cant create standalone (.exe) Visual Basic programs like you can with Visual Basic 6 or Visual Basic .NET. But that still leaves a whole world of things you can do. Your first program is certainly short and sweet, but it will serve to introduce the major features of VBA and the Visual Basic Editor. The program source will normally consist of a series of subroutines. When you graduate to more advanced programming, youll discover that other things can be part of the program besides subroutines. This particular subroutine is named AboutVB1. The subroutine header must be paired with an End Sub at the bottom. The parenthesis can hold a parameter list consisting of values being passed to the subroutine. Nothing is being passed here, but they have to be there in the Sub statement anyway. Later, when we run the macro, we will look for the name  AboutVB1. There is only one actual program statement in the subroutine: Selection.TypeText Text:Hello World! Objects, methods and properties This statement contains the big three: an objecta methoda property The statement actually adds the text Hello World. to the contents of the current document. The next task is to run our program a few times. Just like buying a car, its a good idea to drive it around for a while until it feels a little bit comfortable. We do that next. Programs and documents We have our glorious and complicated system ... consisting of one program statement ... but now we want to run it. Heres what thats all about. Theres one concept to be learned here that is very important and it often really confuses first timers: the difference between the program and the document. This concept is foundational. VBA programs have to be contained in a host file. In Word, the host is the document. In our example, thats AboutVB1.docm. The program is actually saved inside the document. For example, if this was Excel, we would be talking about the program and the spreadsheet. In Access, the program and the database. Even in standalone Visual Basic Windows application, we would have a program and a form. (Note: There is a trend in programming to refer to all high level containers as a document. This is specifically the case when XML ... another up and coming technology ... is being used. Dont let it confuse you. Although its a slight inaccuracy, you can think of documents as being roughly the same as files.) There are ... ummmmm .... about three main ways to run your VBA macro. You can run it from the Word Document.(Note: Two subcategories are to select Macros from the Tools menu or just press Alt-F8. If you have assigned the macro to a Toolbar or Keyboard shortcut, thats one more way.))You can run it from the Editor using the Run icon or Run menu.You can single-step through the program in debug mode. You should try every one of these methods just to become comfortable with the Word/VBA interface. When you finish, you will have a whole document filled with repeats of Hello World! Running the program from Word is fairly easy to do. Just select the macro after clicking the Macro icon under the View tab. To run it from the Editor, first open the Visual Basic editor and then either click the Run icon or select Run from the menu. Heres where the difference between the Document and the Program might become confusing to some. If you have the document minimized or perhaps have your windows arranged so the editor is covering it, you can click the Run icon over and over and nothing seems to happen. But the program is running! Switch to the document again and see. Single stepping through the program is probably the most useful problem solving technique. This is also done from the Visual Basic editor. To try this out, press F8 or select Step Into from the Debug menu. The first statement in the program, the Sub statement, is highlighted. Pressing F8 executes the program statements one at a time until the program ends. You can see exactly when the text is added to the document this way. There are a lot of more refined debugging techniques such as Breakpoints, examining program objects in the Immediate Window, and the use of the Watch Window. But for now, simply be aware that this is a primary debugging technique you will use as a programmer. Object Oriented Programming The next class lesson is all about Object Oriented Programming. Whaaaattttt! (I hear you moaning) I just want to write programs. I didnt sign up to be a computer scientist! Fear Not! There are two reasons why this is a great move. First, in todays programming environment, you simply cant be an effective programmer without understanding object oriented programming concepts. Even our very simple one-line Hello World program consisted of an object, a method, and a property. In my opinion, not understanding objects is the biggest single problem beginning programmers have. So were going to confront the beast right up front! Second, were going to make this as painless as possible. Were not going to confuse you with a load of computer science jargon. But right after that, were going to jump right back into writing programming code with a lesson where we develop a VBA macro that you can probably use! We perfect that program a little more in the next lesson and finish up by showing you how to start using VBA with several applications at one time.

Answer the Questions HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Answer the Questions HR - Essay Example e need to make fresh employees informed about work practices and timely completion of assigned jobs or tasks that in turn could lead to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. I would advise newly recruited and selected group of personnel about effective time management and successful completion of jobs assigned per day to each individual worker. Indeed, the first useful advice will be about minimum wastage of business hours in unnecessary discussions and informal chit chat with co-workers and peers within organisational premises. This would surely enable employees to pay greater attention to assigned business jobs and their timely completion. In fact, i would suggest workers to have informal and casual meetings during lunch or tea time so that workers could get information about their colleagues that would help in building relationships. As a result, this will foster unity and harmony among workers in the same organisation as well as reduce work overload as all assigned jobs are submitted in-time. The second advice will be to avoid spending time on unnecessary field work and travelling for business purposes. For example, some workers do not correctly sch edule their out-of-office jobs and thus waste many business hours for fewer jobs at hand, which later cause delay in timely delivery of all work requirements and productivity reduces. The third advice will be about preparing daily timetable for all tasks at hand so that workers could prioritise what tasks are to be finished first and what could be delayed because of minimal importance. 3. It is extremely important to investigate accidents thoroughly if an organisation is to put preventative measures in place to ensure that a similar accident does not occur in the workplace. Investigations help to establish the cause of the accident and to put measures in place to stop a repeat performance. What should be included in an investigation? The investigation process should be comprehensive in nature thereby covering all

Literature theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature theory - Essay Example The only difference is that Iser impresses that the value of literature is in making sense of the literature itself while Barthes says literature is the product of the culture. According to Barthes, readers too read and find meaning in the literature just as anthropologists do. These are often expressed symbolically. Iser too finds gaps in the literature of which the reader is expected to make sense. The reader is also expected to make moral judgments of the characters, according to Iser. Compare/contrast the rhetorical theories of Iser and Fetterly. Try to identify areas of agreement and disagreement in their discussions of how readers read and/or how poetry affects its audiences. (186 words). Fetterly states that most of American literature has been written by male and from a male perspective. It also reflects the male oppressive attitude towards women and a woman is expected to identify against herself when she reads such literature. Fetterly further insists that a woman should resist what the literature wants her to do. In contrast Iser feels the value of the literature lies in trying to make sense of the literature. While Fetterly states that women should not allow this sort of literature to affect us as the literature carries the culture, Iser contends that we do not perceive or absorb all that the literature wants to convey at the same time. It takes place over a period of time. Fetterly believes that women should attempt to change the culture. They should not just try to read through the intention of the author but reject it if they find it objectionable but Iser feels that at times the effect on the reader is much later and this is true of a novel as well as poetry. Both however agree that literature affects the reader. Woolf, Arnold and Eliot all three agree that the individual writer is influenced by the literary tradition but they disagree on the

meteorology :: essays research papers

Midterm 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  METAR CYSX 161700Z 24015KT 3SM – SN OVC015 –4/-5 aq3006 RMK SC8 SLP221 In the weather report above, what is the: (include units) (6 marks) Wind  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prevailing Visibility  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Current Weather  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clouds (base and type)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Temperature / Dew Point  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Altimeter Setting  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Name two weather elements normally found in a Metar that will not be reported in a SPECI. (2 marks) 3. â€Å"SKC† in a TAF stands for ____________________________________________. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decode completely ‘1/2SM + RA BR VV020’. (3 marks) 5. TAF CYPR 061742Z 061806 26015G25KT P6SM SCT020 BKN060 FM1800Z 33015G25KT P6SM SCT012 BKN025 TEMPO 18045SM – SHRAOVC012 FM0400Z 33020G30KT 3SM – SHRA BR OVC005 BECMG 0305 P6SM NSW SCT005 OVC012 (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the period of this TAF? (2 marks) (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At 2000Z what is the forecast surface wind? (2 marks) (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the lowest ceiling forecast between 18 and 06Z? (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At 0500Z what weather conditions are being forecast at CYPR? (5 marks) Wind__________________________________________________________________ Ceiling_________________________________________________________________ Visibility_______________________________________________________________ Weather and/or obstruction to vision__________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (e) At what time are winds forecast to begin to decrease? Explain your answer. (2 marks) 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FDCN03 CWAO 051530 FCST BASED ON 051200 DATA VALID 061200 FOR USE 06-17 3000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18000 YVR 1838  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2048+03  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2146-03  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2251-08  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2264-19 YYF 9900  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1912-01  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2231-03  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2248-07  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2766-18 YXC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2307+00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2428-02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2537-07  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2544-17 YZP2026  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2127-05  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2128-12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2131-19  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2041-31 YZT 2215  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2222-03  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2231-08  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2139-14  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2060-25 YPU  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2115-02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2139-06  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2149-12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2064-23 YXS  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1834-04  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2240-05  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2246-10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2056-22 YYD  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1721-06  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2133-09  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2040-15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1953-27 (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the valid period for the forecast winds above? (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the digital winds above, wind direction is forecast in degrees____________and wind speed in_____________. (2 marks) (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the forecast wind (direction and speed) and temperature at 12,000 feet over Puntzi Mountian (YPU)? (2 marks) (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the forecast wind direction and speed at 9,000 feet over Kelowna? (2 marks) (e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Estimate the wind direction and speed and temperature over Penticton (YYF) at 15,000 feet. (3 marks) 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decode completely the following digital wind for 34,000 feet – 619935. (4 marks) 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You are flying at 10,000 feet towards an airport with elevation of 2,127 feet. You ask the FSS operator for the current digit winds at 3, 6 and 9 thousand feet and are told that no wind is available for 3,000 feet. Why is no wind available? 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On a ‘Clouds and Weather’ panel of a graphic area forecast cloud layers will be described as to: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  amount and the base of the cloud (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  amount and the top of the cloud (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  amount and the bases and top of the cloud (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  none of the above 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For an equivalent amount of cooling, more energy is released during condensation at ____________________temperatures. (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  colder (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  warmer (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  they will be the same (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  energy will be absorbed, not released 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The three principle properties of the atmosphere are: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  rain, snow, hail (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  heat, cold, moisture (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  expansion, compression, mobility (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pressure, temperature, wind 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atmospheric processes which effect the weather are, for the most part, restricted to the: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  thermosphere (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mesosphere (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  stratosphere (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  troposphere 13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The temperature in the lowest part of the stratosphere_______________with altitude. (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  increases (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  nearly constant (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  decreases slowly (d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  decreases rapidly 14.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why when using a graphic area forecast is it important to be aware of the elevation of the local topography?

Land Use Changes

1. 0 `INTRODUCTION 2. 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The trend in property development is not however unconnected with the increased awareness in making the highest and best use of land resources among competing uses. According to Balowe (1978) the term â€Å"landâ€Å" often mean different things depending upon the content in which it is used and the circumstances under which it is considered. Land takes a fundamental significance as a commodity in daily use for multi-various purpose over the years; it has influenced and continues to influence the daily lives of Nigerians as expressed in social, economic and political organization of various communities in Nigeria. However, the property market is an economic mechanism rationing land between competing and occasionally conflicting uses. The mechanism is often modified by State and local Government policies within the context of town planning, social needs and the distribution of income and wealth. As a means of allocating land between different uses, the market has been criticized to be inefficient because it fails to quickly meet up with the urban land uses particularly in the under-developed world. In an increasing cosmopolitan city like Lagos, the state Town Planning and the New Town Development Authority faces an uphill task of responding to the need for a total re-zoning of some residential layout like Lekki phase 1 with a view of increasing the values of private and profitable land uses. The greater the accessibility of a location, the lower the economic cost of movement in terms of distance, time and convenience the greater the comparative advantage and the greater the demand for property in the location. The increasing demand and the decreasing supply of commercial properties are exerting some expected pressure on residential properties in Lagos. Furthermore, the nearness to transport facilities like bus stations, water /sea ways, motorways, good road network services, facilities such as commercial banks, merchant bank, closeness to areas like Victoria Island, Oniru, Ikoyi, Lekki- Epe Expressway and areas on Lagos island where majority of the business activities takes place in Lagos and also its proximity to High income housing has made this area of study(Admiralty way Lekki phase1) more attracting, accessible and thus more profitable for citing of commercial enterprises. This pattern of accessibility is gradually modifying the pattern of Land-use, which is concomitant with the pattern of land values in Lekki. Thus users are able to put the site to its most productive use, would be prepared to pay the highest price or rent to acquire the developed property. The change of residential into commercial land use along the major roads of most government residential layouts in Lagos state has become so inevitable that people are no longer patient enough to wait for the approval of the Planning Authority. With or without approval or rezoning, offices, schools, churches, eateries, retail outlet, event centers etc are spring up in the study area in response to the need for them. The effect of such changes on the property values, its viability and the societal impact of this phenomenon on the area of study (Admiralty Way Lekki Phase1) are the back ground upon which this dissertation is based. 2. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Land resources tends to move to users who bid for the most for their control and to those uses that offers the highest return for their utilization. The value of a residential property will most likely increase when it is partly or wholly changed to commercial use. Those issues that come to mind are as follows: 1. What factors are responsible for the change in use from residential to commercial use in the study area? 2. What are the societal vices in the neighourhood? 3. What are the professional imputes from the Lagos State Town Planning Authority and the New Town Planning Authority that are in charge of Lekki axis? 4. What will be the effect of this change in use on the values of properties in the study area? 5. What is the profitability of such changes and should it be encourage or not? This dissertation attempts to provide answers to the above questions with a view to attract the above reactions of the New Town Development Authority, Property Developers, Estate Surveyors, Land Owners and Tenant towards a better understanding of the dynamics of land use and value in a fast growing city like Lagos. 2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY As stated earlier, the purpose of this study is to proffer solution to the problem outlined in section 1. 2 above and in doing so; I shall critically examine the genesis and impact of change in use in property values in low density layout (Admiralty Way Lekki Phase1). I shall examine how transfer of land to its most profitable use is often frustrated by factors such as: a) The imperfect knowledge of buyers and sellers of the use to which the given property can be put. ) The impor tance of adequate zoning area for commercial activities within government estate c) The time- absorbing and costly process of seeking and acquiring new locations. d) The cost and legal complexity of acquiring properties e) The monopoly power of Town Planning and New Town Development Authorities. In conclusion, I shall establish if the ever increasing incidence of change in use should be encouraged by government. 2. 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The outcome of this study is expected to create awareness for Lagos state Government through New Town Development Authorities and attract positive reactions from the Lagos State Government Property Development Commission, Estate surveyors, Landlord`s etc in the beneficial utilization of the dynamic of land use and land values in the fast growing city of Lagos , whilst the authority prepare itself for the task of development control, the property owners and occupiers will also plan strategies of reaping the benefit or otherwise of the phenomenon of change- in – use. 2. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY There are numerous residential properties within the Phase1 of Lekki peninsular whose use have been changed from residential to commercial uses but due to time and limitation of words allowed for this thesis, this write up will focus on the effect of change in land use in the value of Government Estate on Admiralty Way Lekki Phase1 Lagos. 2. 6 THE STUDY AREA Admiralty way Lekki phase 1 is one of the Lagos State Government Residential Scheme under Eti-Osa Local Government, is an exclusively reserved low density residential area in Lagos. This Layout is accessible in very meaning of the word and enjoys basic infrastructure such as good roads, water, electricity, telephone etc. It is accessible vide Lekki- Epe Express way†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦with well laid out internal roads and flower hedges in wide set- backs. It has a plain topography with good drainage and the set-backs in most properties are adorned with beautiful flowers. Most courtyards in the layout are paved. The posh buildings are of unique architectural design and inviting scenery ion this layout maintains an appreciable degree of quietness. Most buildings are owner occupiers belonging to Elder State Men, Top Civil Servants and successful Businessmen and Women. The average size of a plot of land in this Layout is 800 square metres. 2. 7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The main instrument of data collection for this research was through primary and secondary sources. The primary sources of data involve a field survey of the study area. It includes direct observation by the researcher and oral interviews with property owners and occupants. The secondary source includes facts, which were obtained from previous documented sources such as text books, journals, seminar papers and unpublished dissertations. This helps to establish the theoretical foundation of this study. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITEATURE 3. 8 THE CONCEPT OF CHANGE-IN –USE According to Balowe (1965) property development is not a one-for –all time affairs, but a continuous one. This means that property development is dynamic. It calls for adjustment to changing demand and changing technology toward satisfying the needs of a particular segment of users. Lee (1974) argues that changes occurring over time in the use of a neighbourhood, that aging of the residents and the growth and maturity of their children will eventually cause a turnover in the ownership of housing. Smith and Mccann (1981) argues that residential land uses succession theory is permeated by the â€Å"Life Cycleâ€Å" ideals of social ecology but the leading succession models offer conflicting interpretations of the sequence of change that residential areas are believed to pass through. They stress that models have not been substituted by analysis of the complete land use histories of all site in areas of change. Therefore, in their study of Edmonton, from 1961 to 1971, the study shows that life cycle concept has little value as an explanation of residential change in rapidly growing city like Lagos. A study by global environmental changes (2010) supports the conclusion that neither population nor poverty alone constituted the sole and major underlying causes of land use change worldwide. Rather, people`s responses to economic opportunities and constraints for new land uses are created by local as well as national markets and policies. Therefore, global forces become the main determents of land-use changes; as they amplify local factors. However, Ball et all (1998) argues that when land value rise land owners release land for commercial development and also shows the land owners rationality. 3. 9 THE MEANING OF PROPERTY VALUES The word â€Å"Valueâ€Å" does not have a specific and restricted meaning as it may mean different thing to different people. In the words of justice Brandies (1923) Value is a word of many meanings. The royal Institution of Charted Surveyor (RICS) also define value in the following terms â€Å" the best price of which an interest in property might reasonably be expected to be sold by private treaty at the date of valuation assumingâ€Å" a) A willing seller ) A reasonable period in which to negotiate the sale, taking into account the nature of the property and the state of the market. c) Values will remain static throughout the period d) The property will be freely exposed to the market e) No account is to be of an additional bid by a special purchaser As a result of Nigeria`s Colonial af filiation with Great Britain the above definition by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors is adopted by the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV) 3. 0 THE CONCEPT OF RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL USES Residential land use has been the oldest and fundamental among all land uses because shelter is one of the basic needs of man. Hornby (1980) defined residential use as â€Å"serving or used as residence in which one residesâ€Å". Residential use are therefore located in an area zoned mainly for living accommodation with some localized commercial centers to sell good and render services needed by the populace that reside in that area. Whist commercial use is a use involving the buying and selling of goods and services and for which profit is realized. It encompasses office, shops and is a predominant urban feature, which tends to be located at areas of greater accessibility from the city center. Lagos State has been a fast growing developing city like any other major city in Nigeria experience stiff competitions in land uses, particularly the demand of commercial users in fast encroaching and outstripping the effective demand for residential use thus creating imbalance for zoned residential neighourhood. . 11 FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CONVERSION OF RESIDENTIAL USES TO COMMERCIAL USES IN THE STUDY AREA Practical observation as found in different cities in Nigeria indicates the economic factors, social factors, physical factors and high competitiveness in land utilization within the commercial nerve centres which results to uncompetitive users seeking for space within the zone of transition are contributors to the cha nge in use of land use patterns. Other notable factors include: 3. 2. 1 POPULATION INCREASE Lagos State is one of the fast growing city in Nigeria with the location of International Airport and Seaport which attracts people from various part of the country and worldwide and directly increases the total population of the people living in the city and thus the total number of people living in Lekki peninsular phase 1 which is one of the medium housing Estate by Lagos State government which was meant to provide sufficient accommodation for people. However, due to day to day increases in population and the paucity of sufficient accommodation to house them in commercial, industrial, education institution etc and in order to settle down and seek their living, property owners are fast converting most residential units in Lekki phase 1(Admiralty way) into commercial units. A drive down the way shows a drastic change from the usual resident units along the road to huge commercial outlet. 3. 12. 2 INSURFICIENT COMMERCIAL CENTRES An overtime observation shows that availability of commercial center along this way and axis around same was not enough to cater for the needs of the residence. In view of this, commercial centres were developed to meet the daily need of the residents but at a point due to development policies, high cost of development, non- availability of land area and land owner rationality, residential property owners tends to give room for conversion of their developed residential property to commercial property. 3. 12. 3 ECONOMIC GAIN Since commercializing properties yield more returns than residential use and due to property owners rationality, they prefer the commercial users by giving face lift to the fabrics of their building through extension, refurbishments, alterations, modifications. tc. These improvements attract commercial users to take advantage of the new structures by paying the newly negotiated rents to occupy them. The rents are luring, so other property owners follow suit and conversion become the order of the day on Admiralty way Lekki Phase1. 3. 12. 4 LOCATION Admiralty way Lekki Phase 1 is an easily accessible way in Lekki Peninsular and to other island`s were most major commercial activities takes place in Lagos State and due to this, commercial centres tends to expand their activities to the study area in order to move closer to their consumers and workers who resides in this axis. This made property owners to convert their residential properties for commercial uses since the location is well accessed to various routes of movement within the axis. 3. 12. 5 HIGH COST OF CONSTURCTING COMMERCIAL BUILDING Construction of purpose built commercial building usual cost a lot of money due to the high cost of building materials and ever increasing Land value. Going by the concept of highest and best use of property, property owners in the study area now prefer to convert their residential property to commercial properties or lease it out.

Facebook A Social Networking - 901 Words

Since Facebook’s inception, it has become a world-renowned social networking service connecting millions of people around the world. As of June 2014, there were over 1.3 billion active users globally. The concept of Facebook is incredibly simple, yet has managed to attract a large consumer base in such a short period of time. After registering to the site, users create an online profile specific to the individual’s preferences. Once the profile page is personalized, users add other people on the site as â€Å"friends†, send messages to people in the friend group, post pictures and status updates, share multimedia with friends, and join groups that share a common interest. Facebook has become a social media site giant and continues to trend upwards as more and more users join everyday. Mark Zuckerberg is credited as the founder of the social networking service, Facebook. During his sophomore year at Harvard, Zuckerberg first created an online website known as Face mash. The site would place images of two random Harvard girls together; users would be asked to select who was the more attractive female. Zuckerberg had hacked into Harvard’s computer network to obtain private student ID images to make Facemash possible. Facemash first launched on October 28, 2003; within just a few hours, the website had attracted over four hundred visitors and over twenty thousand photo hits. Harvard quickly shut down the website and Zuckerberg faced expulsion from the school due to a violation ofShow MoreRelatedFacebook : A Social Networking2256 Words   |  10 PagesFacebook Inc. Facebook Inc. was founded on July 29, 2004 as a social networking company by Mark Zuckerberg. Before Facebook, Zuckerberg attended Harvard University as a psychology major. Facebook was originally called The Facebook and was created for the purpose of social networking for students that attended Harvard, it didn’t take long for Facebook to gain popularity (Reuters, 2015). 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